內地金融機構打壓加密貨幣,不是新聞。又是區塊鏈技術,內地金融機構推動數字貨幣,亦不是新聞。再又是區塊鏈技術,內地官媒發行「新聞數字藏品」NFT,這是新聞!
2021 年 12 月 21 日,新華社宣布 12 月 24 日晚上 8 時一套特別的藏品即將上綫:「用區塊鏈,我們為新聞留下數字紀念。」同樣又是區塊鏈技術,新華社精選 2021 年新聞攝影報導鑄成中國首套「新聞數字藏品」,首批發行 11 張,每張限量 10,000 份。同樣再又是區塊鏈技術,把「加密」換上「數字」,把「貨幣」換上「藏品」,究竟「非同質化代幣」(Non-Fungible Token,簡稱 NFT)是否就是「加密藝術」?NFT 跟「數字藏品」又有什麼不同?
談 NFT,不得不先討論一下加密貨幣的起源。想當年,比特幣的白皮書《Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System 》這樣自我介紹:
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.
開宗明義,加密貨幣的發明就是為了去中心化(without going through a financial institution)。去中心化之後,誰來解決所有支付系統都要面對的「雙重支付」(double-spending)問題呢?創辦比特幣的團隊提出以「對等式網路」(peer-to-peer network),透過「共享的公開分類帳」(shared public ledger)建立「區塊鏈」(blockchain)。
所謂「挖礦」,其實是一種分散式的共識系統,用於確認交易並把交易加入區塊鏈之中,而每宗待確認的交易,都必須滿足非常嚴格的密碼學規則。換句話,加密貨幣就是以密碼學中「哈希」為基礎的工作量證明(hash-based proof-of-work),防止區塊被篡改以出現「雙重支付」問題。
是的,加密是為了防偽。藝術點解要加密?金融市場上的貨幣交易需要防偽,藝術市場上的傳承有序同樣需要防偽。然而,螞蟻、騰訊、京東等主流網上平台均不支持 NFT 交易,反映暫時官方對 NFT 的定義主要集中在其收藏價值,炒作行為是不鼓勵的。因此技術上,「新聞數字藏品」背後的騰訊「至信鏈」,其實有别於傳統區塊鏈。都是區塊鏈,卻有公有鏈、私有鏈、聯盟鏈之分。
私有區塊鏈建立了准入規則,規定誰可以檢視和寫入區塊鏈,因此儘管是分散式的,卻不是去中心化系統。而聯盟區塊鏈,則是介乎公有鏈和私有鏈之間,它的出現的是讓企業聯盟的資訊共享更有效率。為了防偽,人民網評數字藏品激活傳統文化、各省級博物館參與文物 NFT 發售等等,均顯示官方對於 NFT 數字藏品持有一定開放態度。
徐家健
美國克林信大學經濟系副教授